André Dalben

O presente artigo aborda, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, a história dos parques urbanos de São Paulo. O recorte temporal adotado pela pesquisa se circunscreve a primeira metade do século XX. O seu objetivo é analisar os diferentes processos históricos que resultaram na criação de parte dos parques urbanos de São Paulo. O artigo encontra-se dividido em três momentos. O primeiro destina-se a análise do papel da iniciativa privada e dos poderes públicos na criação dos primeiros parques paulistanos. O segundo momento se circunscreve ao estudo dos diversos projetos urbanísticos formulados para a cidade de São Paulo nas décadas de 1920 e 1930. O terceiro momento se delimita na análise das propostas de vinculação dos parques urbanos à equipamentos públicos de recreação e educação ao ar livre.


The present paper approaches, with a bibliographic review, the history of the urban parks in the city of São Paulo. The time adopted in this research is the first half of the 20th century. Its main goal is to analyze the different historical processes that ended up in the construction of the urban parks in the city of São Paulo. The assay is divided in three parts. The first one analyzes the role of the private initiative and the public administration in the creation of the first urban parks in the city of São Paulo. The second one is circumscribed by the study of some urban projects formulated between the decades of 1920 and 1930. The third and last moment focuses on the analysis of proposals of the linkage between the urban parks and the public service of recreation and the outdoor education.

Este trabajo analiza el proyecto de la Colonia Nacional de Vacaciones, presentado al Consejo Nacional de Educación de Argentina en el año 1915. El análisis histórico intenta establecer cuáles fueron los sujetos involucrados en la creación del proyecto y cuáles los embates políticos en que estos participaron. Se trató de una iniciativa bastante innovadora y de grandes proporciones que unía una política de salud preventiva a la educación, pero que, sin embargo, nunca fue implementada. A pesar de que la Colonia Nacional de Vacaciones nunca haya sido construída en Uspallata (Mendoza), como estaba previsto inicialmente en el proyecto, un viaje experimental fue realizado con el apoyo de las Sociedades Populares de Educación. Al investigar la historia de esa inciativa fue posible concluir que las colonias de vacaciones se posicionaron en la intersección entre la salud pública y la educación, priorizando las prácticas corporales al aire libre y el desarrollo de la sociabilidad entre los participantes. Fueron instituciones extraescolares concebidas y defendidas tanto por los movimientos higienistas y eugenistas como por los movimientos alternativos de la educación y de la reforma social

Abstract: The paper analyzes the National Vacation Colony project, presented to the National Council of Education of Argentina in 1915. The historical analysis reached to establish the individuals involved in the creation of the project and the political clashes they participated. It was a great new beginning and of grand proportions, which united a policy towards a preventive health to education, but was never implanted. Although the National Vacation Colony was not built in Uspallata (Mendoza), as initially planned in the project, an experimental trip had taken place with the help of the Popular Society of Education. By investigating the history of this initiative, it was possible to conclude that the vacation colonies positioned themselves in the intersection of public health and education, prioritizing the open-air recreation and the development of sociability. They were extracurricular institutions conceived and defended by hygienist and eugenicist movements and also by alternative education and social reform movements.

O artigo pretende oferecer uma contribuição aos professores de Educação Física por meio de uma abordagem histórica do corpo, da natureza e das práticas corporais ao ar livre. O seu objetivo é analisar a história das práticas corporais ao ar livre e as relações estabelecidas ao longo do tempo com o universo escolar. A sua justi cativa está atrelada à necessidade de de nirmos e legitimarmos as práticas corporais ao ar livre como um conteúdo da cultura corporal passível de ser abordado pela Educação Física Escolar.

The objective of this study is to reflect on the premise of physical education confined to natural environments within the city of Sao Paulo in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Intending to identify why these spaces had become attractive, especially for child education, the study is based on two projects: the Child Parks, structured by the Department of Culture of Sao Paulo under Mario de Andrade (1934 – 1938), and the  Outdoor School of Application, created by the Physical Education Department of Sao Paulo State in 1939.

The mountains and the coast are present in the urban imaginary of São Paulo State in the 1940’s as appropriate spots for summer camps. The climate, the altitude, the water and the sun are natural elements at these places, scientifically considered as instruments able to restore organic frailties of children who have their health spoiled by the disturbing pace and stratagems of their urban lifestyle. Therefore, educational and medical procedures are organized at these school holiday institutions, turning them into time dedicated to educate and strengthen the body. This article aims to study this education of the body performed in summer camps that, by privileging nature and its elements, reinforces and draws behaviors and manners of a hygienic lifestyle for the city and its dwellers.

The paper analyzes medical evaluations of athletes conducted in the early years of the São Paulo State Department of Physical Education's (DEF-SP) medical office, founded in 1935 to promote medical supervision of 'exercise and sports' in the state. Through sports medicine supervision, and influenced by eugenicist scientific reasoning, the DEF-SP endeavored to promote more hygienic sports habits that would mold physical types suited for certain modalities of sports. We also observed that in these early years of sports medicine in São Paulo, efforts were made to define the characteristics of a Brazilian physical type

The aim of this article is to understand the reasons that led Inezil Penna Marinho to choose physical education as a profession and to achieve a solid position in that area in the 1940 decade. Using a biographic writing that begins in 1933, his last year of studies at Colégio Pedro II, and ends in 1945, when he is consolidated as an important intellectual of physical education, this article captures mainly the sporting practices in which Inezil Penna Marinho was involved during his youth, as well as the intellectual references in which he was immersed in those years.

The magazine Vida e Saúde sustained, during the 1940’s, a body education marked by discourses about feminine health and beauty built out of three institutions: science, religion and politics. In order to comprehend how that proposal was organized on the pages of that magazine, we discuss different dispositives used to support the manners as the education of the feminine body happened.

This Post-Doctoral project takes as its main object the study of the first and only Outdoor School created in Brazil, located inside the Água Branca Park (São Paulo) in 1939. Through a historical research it is intended to investigate its involvement in the international medical and pedagogical movement of Outdoor Schools, which would have begun in 1922 with the realization of the First International Congress of Outdoor Schools in Paris, ending in 1956, the year of the realization of their fifth and final edition and the same year that the Outdoor School paulistana left the dependencies of Água Branca Park, to be hosted in a building specially constructed for its purpose. The project departs from the assumption that many of the ideas for the creation of the Outdoor School of São Paulo came from the debates established in the International Congress of Outdoor Schools, which may have fueled the movements of pedagogical renewal established by the New School. The research will adopt the annals as the main sources of such scientific events, as well as the Pan American Child Congresses and official documents from the Secretary of Education of São Paulo. The motivation for the proposed research stems from the fact that Outdoor Schools had been designed as an alternative to public education, to unite the theories of public health and the movement of the New School in circulation during the first decades of the twentieth century, wich comfomed one of the finest examples of the outdoor body education.

The research has sought after comprehending and discussing about the different medical imaginaries, from the beginning of the 20th century, in respect to Brazilian nature, as well as the distinctions drawn between the urban and the rural environment. Mainly from the emerged relations between the sanitary, hygienist, eugenist movements and the physical education, the consolidation in Brazil of an imaginary which conceived nature as an ideal environment was observed, for healing and disease prevention, as much as the strengthening and the education of the body, through physical exercises such as gymnastics, sports, games and therapeutic practices as heliotherapy, hydrotherapy and climotherapy. Following the ways of such a conception of the nature, the Department of Physical Education of São Paulo State, an organ under the Secretariat for Education and Public Health, stands out, once it was responsible, in the 1930s, for important interventions with two extracurricular institutions which kept nearness to the imaginary of healing and educational nature: the playgrounds and the summer camps. As for the school institution, it was the Department of Physical Education of São Paulo State responsible for creating and running one Outdoor School, which configured itself as an institution of experimental education located inside a public park and that kept nature and physical education as central objects of its pedagogy.

The summer camps (vacation colonies) had the most theoretical support in ancient knowledge derived from the medicine which prioritized the outdoor life, far from the urban centers, for recovery and strengthening the body. By offering healthy food and bodily practices performed within the nature for the children of the working classes during their vacation, the summer camps had initially as their main objective the prevention of the spread of diseases, especially tuberculosis, which contagiated many residents of large cities. The summer camps were published in the international scientific community since 1882 through conferences and were often recommended as an innovative measure of children care that many countries could adopt to protect their children's health. Taking as the main sources for the research the annals of International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, the Pan American Child Congress and also magazines specialized in health, education and physical education, many of them published by official departments, the propose of this research is to investigate the policies to implement the summer camps for children in the four largest urban centers of South America at the first decades of the twentieth century: Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The time bias is defined from 1882, when the summer camps began to be debated in the international arena, until the mid-1950s, when the first allopathic medice to treat the tuberculosis began to be used more effectively to control the disease, changing the public health policy in many countries, which would not take the resources to maintain the outdoor life to preserve the health of their populations, and unseating the summer camps of their major medical goal. The research sought to expand the studies conducted by the History of Education and the History of Physical Education, since the summer camps are object of study unexplored by the South American science, even though they narrate the innovative hitorical perspective when they are established as an institution concurrently next and distinct from school, creating and implementing new practices and educational models and pedagical contents, when more traditional pedagogies previously excluded found the opportunity to be incorporated as an educational opportunity. Adopting the cultural history as the theoretical framework for the analysis of the sources this research focus on the changing of the mentalities and sensibilities that shifted the outdoor life from the medical precepts to conceive it as an education body capable of being systematized and institutionalized by the summer camps. During the period covered by the survey, it concludes that the summer camps were not limited only as a public health measure, once they staged a series of educational procedures that would definitely transform the school holidays in an adventure of the body that allowed many children's wishes come true and that marked new educational opportunities geared especially to children who had not hitherto their rights to health , education and play fully respected.

O presente capítulo analisa um momento anterior ao estabelecimento de uma confiança irrestrita no poder da ciência em mudar o mundo e aprimorar a saúde humana. Momento no qual diversas terapias que empregavam os recursos mais simples da natureza, como a água, a luz solar e o ar de altitude, foram criadas para a cura de enfermidades e conquistaram grande repercussão social. Momento anterior ao predomínio dos medicamentos alopáticos no tratamento das doenças. Uma época que se inicia ainda na aurora do século XIX, quando as causas dos diversas males que poderiam tomar o corpo humano ainda não eram totalmente conhecidos, mas que, no entanto, não impediu a inauguração dos primeiros estabelecimentos terapêuticos especializados na cura por meio dos elementos da natureza. Banhos de imersão em águas de diferentes temperaturas, em banheiras, riachos ou no mar, banhos parciais, nos quais porções do corpo eram gradativamente expostas à ação do meio líquido, fricções de panos úmidos, compressas, banhos de sol que tornavam indispensável a permanência dos pacientes em ambiente exterior, alimentação vegetariana e de preparo rudimentar, com larga utilização de chás e infusões, e a realização de exercícios físicos ao ar livre, entre tantas outras práticas corporais que compuseram as principais técnicas de cura da denominada medicina natural.
Para a sistematização dos tratamentos indicados nestes estabelecimentos, conhecimentos populares que circulavam na região de língua alemã da Europa Central, notadamente a Austro-Hungria e os estados germânicos, foram de grande importância para os terapeutas da medicina natural, sendo sua fácil aplicação um dos motivos da rápida assimilação de suas prescrições entre as famílias camponesas ou com poucos recursos financeiros (BAUBÉROT, 2004). No que diz respeito a parcela mais rica da população, os estabelecimentos privados criados pelos terapeutas em vilarejos distantes dos maiores centros urbanos, situados em sua maioria nas montanhas ou no campo, obtiveram grande repercussão e, em pouco tempo, consolidaram famosas estâncias balneárias procuradas por curistas e vilegiadores de diversos países (BOYER, 2008, RAUCH, 2001). Estas mesmas práticas corporais preconizadas pela medicina natural serviriam também de inspiração para os tratamentos propostos pelos sanatórios, instituição especializada na cura da doença que mais afligia a população durante os séculos XIX e XX – a tuberculose (BUCHWALD, 2004; GUILLAUME, 1989).
O período abordado por este capítulo encerra-se na década de 1950, momento no qual estas terapias seriam deslocadas da medicina oficial para ramos da medicina alternativa, uma vez que não obtiveram completo respaldo científico, sendo sobrepostas definitivamente pelos tratamentos que se utilizam de quimioterápicos.  Criados ao longo de todo o século XIX, os medicamentos alopáticos seriam defendidos por muitos como o recurso mais confiável no tratamento das doenças, no entanto, conviveriam, ainda por bastante tempo, com as terapias naturais até alcançarem a supremacia na medicina oficial. Tal convivência não se faria sempre harmoniosa, conformando disputas que arregimentariam diversos profissionais e colocariam em questão os rumos a serem tomados pelas politicas de saúde pública de muitos países.
Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, procurou-se estabelecer quais eram os maiores embates e discussões a respeito do emprego de quimioterápicos na cura de enfermidades durante o século XIX e primeira metade do século XX. Sem a intenção de avaliar a real eficácia dos tratamentos propostos ao longo deste período, procurou-se compreender as linhas de tensão e de poder que possibilitaram o estabelecimento de duas formas distintas de cuidados com a saúde, uma baseada em experimentos laboratoriais e medicamentos alopáticos e outra sustentada pela experiência individual e por saberes populares.

As iniciativas de colônias de férias são atualmente organizadas por prefeituras, governos estaduais e pelo terceiro setor, além da iniciativa privada que visa atender sobretudo as crianças de famílias mais abastadas durante o período das férias escolares. Seus objetivos podem ser os mais diversos, no entanto caracterizam-se, de forma geral, como iniciativas que propõem preencher o momento das férias escolares com atividades dirigidas, de caráter educativo e recreativo. Criadas desde o último terço do século XIX, tiveram em suas origens propósitos outros, que incluíam uma grande preocupação com a saúde física das crianças dos bairros operários mais carentes, sobretudo àqueles assolados por epidemias diversas. A partida dos centros urbanos e a viagem ao campo se faziam imprescindíveis nestas iniciativas primeiras devido a uma compreensão singular da importância da natureza para o restabelecimento da saúde das crianças atendidas, previamente selecionadas nas escolas públicas, e também devido aos recursos pedagógicos que esta mesma natureza poderia aportar aos novos métodos de ensino que adotavam a observação concreta da realidade como melhor ferramenta para os processos de ensino-aprendizagem. Ao aliar educação e saúde em uma mesma instituição, as colônias de férias foram iniciativas que propuseram em seus primórdios novas formulas educativas e de cuidado à infância, configurando-se como instituições extraescolares que procuravam se diferenciar do modelo da escola tradicional e atuar sobretudo na prevenção de uma série de doenças que poderiam assaltar a vida das crianças mais pobres.